Parasites, infections and inoculation in synthetic minimal cells

Synthetic minimal cells provide a controllable and engineerable model for an increasing amount of biological processes. While much simpler than any live natural cell, synthetic cells offer a chassis for investigating the foundations of key biological processes. Here we show a synthetic cell system describing host cells interacting with parasites and infections of varying severity. We demonstrate how the host can be engineered to resist infection, we investigate the metabolic cost of carrying resistance, and we show a simple inoculation system that immunizes the host against pathogens. Our work expands the synthetic cell engineering toolbox by demonstrating host pathogen interactions and mechanisms for acquiring immunity. This brings synthetic cell systems one step closer to providing a comprehensive model of complex, natural life.